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Understanding Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD): Signs, Risks & What You Should Know

It can be alarming when you start to notice changes in how your legs feel, especially during routine movement like walking or climbing stairs. You might feel heaviness, aches, or a tight sensation that eases when you stop moving but returns quickly when you start again. These slow and subtle shifts can signal that your arteries are not working as smoothly as they once did.

You may also see differences in skin temperature, experience nighttime discomfort, or notice that small wounds on your feet take longer to heal than they should. These issues often build gradually and are sometimes easy to overlook until they begin affecting your day. We are here at Shaheen Vascular in Mountain View, CA, to help you determine whether these symptoms may be related to peripheral artery disease (PAD) and what steps might support better artery health.

What Is Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)?

Peripheral artery disease happens when plaque builds up inside the arteries that supply your limbs. You may be more familiar with coronary artery disease, where a clogged artery leads to reduced blood flow to the muscles of the heart. In PAD, buildup in the arteries leads to a reduced blood supply to your extremities (legs or arms). Less circulation means the muscles and tissues in your legs may not receive the oxygen they need during activity. PAD develops over the years, and symptoms tend to surface once the blockage reaches a point where circulation drops further.

Early Signs and Common Symptoms of PAD

Intermittent Claudication

Intermittent claudication refers to leg discomfort that appears during activity and eases with rest. The muscles demand more oxygen when you move, but reduced circulation limits how much blood reaches them. This mismatch can create cramping, tightness, or a heavy sensation that repeats each time you start walking again.

Numbness

Numbness can develop when restricted blood flow affects the nerves in your legs or feet. When nerves receive less oxygen, they can become damaged, leading to patchy or persistent loss of sensation. Patients may notice this most when standing for long periods or when circulation naturally slows during rest.

Coldness

A leg or foot that feels unusually cold compared to the other side can be a sign of reduced blood supply. Blood carries warmth through the tissues, and when circulation drops, temperature changes become more noticeable.

Slow-Healing Wounds and Brittle Nails

Wounds on the legs or feet that take longer to repair are also linked to poor circulation. Oxygen-rich blood supports the healing process, and when an artery has limited flow, the tissue cannot repair itself as quickly. Small sores may linger or worsen, and you may also begin to notice nails becoming more brittle on the affected limb.

When Are Symptoms Considered Urgent?

Symptoms become urgent when you experience pain at rest, sudden color changes, pins and needles, or rapid temperature shifts in a leg or foot. These signs can indicate a sharp drop in blood flow, which may place the limb at risk if not addressed quickly. A wound that worsens instead of healing should be evaluated as soon as possible.

Risk Factors for PAD

Age, family history of vascular disease, and lifestyle habits like smoking or low physical activity can raise the chance of developing this condition. Medical issues such as diabetes, chronic kidney disease, high blood pressure, and clotting disorders also place added strain on the arteries.

How PAD Is Diagnosed

PAD diagnosis starts with a physical examination where we check your pulse, skin temperature, and any visible changes in the legs or feet. An ankle-brachial index (ABI) test compares blood pressure in the arms and ankles to see how well blood is moving through the lower limbs.

 

Ultrasound imaging can show how fast blood flows through the arteries and whether plaque is affecting circulation. In some cases, angiography provides a detailed view of the vessel structure to help identify the location and severity of narrowing. Blood tests may also be used to check cholesterol, inflammation, and other factors that contribute to artery disease.

How does PAD Compare to Other Vascular Diseases?

PAD affects the arteries, while several other circulatory conditions involve the leg veins instead. Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the tissues, and when they narrow, the limbs receive less of the oxygen they need. Veins work in the opposite direction, returning blood to the heart, so problems in the venous system involve pressure buildup, pooling, or clot formation rather than reduced oxygen delivery.

  • Varicose Veins: Varicose veins develop when weakened vein walls and valves allow blood to pool and create bulging vessels that can be uncomfortable. These veins can be treated or removed with various vein treatments.
  • Spider Veins: Spider veins are smaller visible surface vessels that appear when blood pools in tiny veins. They do not interfere with blood flow and are mostly cosmetic.
  • Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Deep vein thrombosis occurs when a clot forms in a deep vein, often in the leg. This can lead to swelling, warmth, or sudden pain, which may resemble PAD symptoms but result from vein blockage rather than an artery blockage. DVT requires prompt evaluation due to the risk of clot movement.

Treatment Options for PAD

Lifestyle Changes

Lifestyle adjustments can support healthier circulation and reduce strain on the arteries:

  • Smoking cessation reduces vessel tightening and helps improve blood flow
  • Regular physical activity encourages the body to use oxygen more efficiently during movement
  • Dietary changes that lower unhealthy cholesterol levels can also help slow plaque buildup in the arteries

Medical Management

Cholesterol-lowering medications reduce plaque formation, while blood pressure control supports steadier circulation. Diabetes medications stabilize blood sugar, which helps limit vessel damage. You may also need blood-thinning medications to reduce the chance of clot formation and improve the movement of blood through narrowed arteries.

Minimally Invasive and Surgical Approaches

Surgery may be recommended when plaque is heavily calcified, when the blockage spans a long section of the artery, or when less invasive treatments cannot provide enough improvement. Options include:

  • Angioplasty inflates a small balloon inside the artery to widen the narrowed area and improve circulation.
  • Stent placement may follow angioplasty when extra support is needed to help keep the artery open after widening.
  • Thrombolytic therapy delivers medication directly into a clot to dissolve it and restore movement through the affected artery.
  • Bypass surgery uses a natural or synthetic graft to create a new route for blood when the blockage is too extensive for endovascular methods to work well.

Learn More About Peripheral Artery Disease With an Appointment in Mountain View, CA

PAD evaluation is the best way to understand your circulation problems and determine whether an arterial or vein treatment is needed for you. If you are in Mountain View, CA, you can rely on the expertise at Shaheen Vascular, where Dr. Raymond Shaheen provides comprehensive vascular assessment and surgical and endovascular care. To learn whether PAD is contributing to your symptoms, reach out at (650) 965-1909 or use the online form.

Aries Datuin

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